Over at Alphaville, Robin Wigglesworth looks at whether ‘Greedflation’ (aka price-gouging) meaningfully contributed to Eurozone inflation. Specifically, Bank of England research suggests that while they “find no evidence of a rise in overall profits in the UK” they did notice that “companies in the oil, gas and mining sectors have bucked the trend” with “some companies… much more profitable than others.”1
I was pretty skeptical about Greedflation initially; when i ranked the top 15 sources of US inflation in mid-2022, “Corporate Profit Seeking” was at the bottom, ranked 13 out of 15 inflation causes.
But as time went on, more research and data became available. Slowly but surely, we came to learn that more companies were adapting to the pandemic era’s mix of rabid demand and supply chain snarls with a specific approach choosing “Price over volume.”
The first person to identify this was Corbu’s Samuel Rines. (Twitter) He first began discussing the corporate preference for maintaining margin in 2022; over time, he observed some companies had pricing power for both price AND volume. Soon after, “Price over volume” began to morph into “Price AND Margin” (PAM).
It’s the kind of subject ripe for academic analysis. Mike Konczal, director of the macroeconomic analysis program at the Roosevelt Institute, wrote a report, Prices, profits, and power. (See charts above and below) The focus was on annual net profit margins. It was about 5.5% in the 1960 to 1980 era. In the ZIRP decade of ultra-low rates in the 2010s, it rose to 6%. In 2021, it shot up to 9.5%.
That’s a huge, unexplained increase:
Fortune covered Greedflation on July 11, 2022: “There’s a fascinating debate playing out about markets, prices and inflation. Do companies raise prices because they have to, in order to keep pace with inflation? Or, sensing an opportunity to notch higher profits, do they take advantage of an inflationary environment to raise prices, thereby fueling inflation?” (emphasis added)
There are other sources of price increases, including hyper-regulated localities, especially in energy and housing. In August 2022, Vox suggested that if you were mad about inflation you should blame your local officials.
The drip of data made me wonder how much I underestimated greedflation initially. As consumers, we often do not (and cannot) see many of the inputs into final unit prices. Consider The Hidden Fees Of Ship Cargo:
“A cadre of ocean carriers are charging exorbitant, potentially illegal, fees on shipping containers stuck because of congestion at ports. Sellers of furniture, coconut water, even kids’ potties say the fees are inflating costs.”
As ballooning costs hit the wallets of American families, the global ocean shipping industry is enjoying its most profitable period in recent history. In the first quarter of 2022, the biggest carriers’ operating margins hit 57%, according to one industry research firm, after hovering in the single digits before the pandemic.” (emphasis added)
Any industry enjoying its most profitable period in history gets my attention.
My bias is that I was on Team Transitory from the beginning. For sure, transitory took longer than expected, but as we learned earlier this week, it asserted itself again. But the risk of “stickier” inflation remains, driven in large part by corporate profits, aka Rines’ PoV and PaM:
“In rare situations—such as an economy’s reopening after a pandemic—widespread knowledge that costs are rising allows businesses to raise their prices knowing that their competitors will act in the same way, according to a paper by Isabella Weber, assistant professor of economics at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and her colleague, Evan Wasner.”
The “tell” about corporate profits and greedflation came after 2022 proved to be such a challenging year in the markets. Despite 500+ BPS of rate increases, a ~20% drop in the S&P500, and a 30+% drop in the Nasdaq 100, profits have remained much better than expected:
“A comparison shows how extraordinary our current inflationary distress actually has been and still is. Unlike during the 1970s, corporations today wield sufficient market power to effectively protect their profit mark-ups (and, by doing so, to realize higher profits) during a time of inflationary stress that is comparable to that of the 1970s.”
Even as inflation has come back down, the aftermath is that price increases have held. Corporate margins and profits could be the reason why price increases will stick, even as CPI falls back to normal. The rate of price increases may have normalized, but the absolute price levels today are much higher.
As Emily Stewart observed, “What goes up may not come down. Like, ever.”
Let’s hope she is wrong…
UPDATE: March 21, 2024
Large Grocers Took Advantage of Pandemic Supply Chain Disruptions, F.T.C. Finds.
“A report found that large firms pressured suppliers to favor them over competitors. It also concluded that some retailers “seem to have used rising costs as an opportunity to further hike prices.”
UPDATE: January 19, 2024
More Guardian:
Half of recent US inflation due to high corporate profits, report finds
Thinktank report says ‘resounding evidence’ shows companies continue to keep prices high even as their inflationary costs drop
UPDATE: December 7 2023
Here is The Guardian:
Greedflation: corporate profiteering ‘significantly’ boosted global prices, study shows
Multinationals in particular hiked prices far above rise in costs to deliver an outsize impact on cost of living crisis, report concludes
And here is the original IPPR paper:
Inflation, profits and market power: Towards a new research and policy agenda
In the aftermath of the pandemic, as the global economy rebounded it was accompanied by a dramatic rise in inflation, reaching levels not seen since the 1970s, peaking at 9 and 11 per cent in Europe and 11 per cent in the US.
See also:
Greedflation’ revisited (FT, November 16, 2023)
Profits in a time of inflation: what do company accounts say in the UK and euro area?
Gabija Zemaityte and Danny Walker
Bank Underground, 16 November 2023
Banana Ships And The Hidden Fees Of Ship Cargo
GCaptain, July 3, 2022
Prices, Profits, and Power: An Analysis of 2021 Firm-Level Markups
Mike Konczal Niko Lusiani
Roosevelt Institute June 2022
Why Is Inflation So Sticky? It Could Be Corporate Profits
Paul Hannon
WSJ, May 2, 2023
Profit Inflation Is Real
By Servaas Storm
Institute for New Economic Thinking June 15, 2023
The problem isn’t inflation. It’s prices.
by Emily Stewart
Vox, Nov 14, 2023
Previously:
Who Is to Blame for Inflation, 1-15 (June 28, 2022)
Has Inflation Peaked? (May 26, 2022)
Transitory Is Taking Longer than Expected (February 10, 2022)
The Tide of Price over Volume (April 21, 2023)
__________
1. There are lots of similarities between the United Kingdom and the United States, but plenty of differences as well. The experiences with corporate margin expansion during a period of inflation in the U.S. seem to have been markedly different than those in the UK.
